meta16 min read (3,248 words)

Citation Index

Every primary source cited anywhere in this library, with a permalink preferred over a publisher URL. Secondary sources (historians, legal scholars) are also listed here when cited. Organized by chapter.

Permalink priority: National Archives / Library of Congress > Cornell Legal Information Institute > Justia > Oyez > publisher.

Magna Carta (primers/01_magna_carta.md)

Primary sources

• Magna Carta (1215), original Latin text and English translation. British Library digitization of the 1215 exemplar (Cotton MS. Augustus II 106): https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/magna-carta-an-introduction
• Magna Carta (1297 reissue), statutory version entered on the English statute rolls by Edward I. Available via the UK National Archives: https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/magna-carta/
• Petition of Right (1628), 3 Car. I, c. 1. UK Parliament archive: https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/civilwar/overview/petition-of-right/
• Bill of Rights (1689), 1 Will. & Mar. sess. 2, c. 2. UK legislation archive: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/WillandMarSess2/1/2
• United States Constitution, Fifth Amendment + Fourteenth Amendment. National Archives: https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/bill-of-rights-transcript and https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/amendments-11-27

Secondary sources

• Holt, J. C., Magna Carta (Cambridge University Press, 3rd edn 2015) — standard academic treatment; covers historical context, textual variants, and the transmission arc
• Howard, A. E. Dick, The Road from Runnymede: Magna Carta and Constitutionalism in America (University Press of Virginia, 1968) — on the American reception
• Vincent, N., Magna Carta: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford UP, 2012) — concise and reliable for the non-specialist

Marbury v. Madison (cases/marbury_v_madison.md)

Primary source

• Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803). Full opinion text (Justia): https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/5/137/
• Oral argument summary + audio (where available): Oyez: https://www.oyez.org/cases/1789-1850/5us137
• Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73 (Sept. 24, 1789), § 13. Full text on Avalon Project: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/judiciary_act.asp

Secondary sources

• Larson, E. J., A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America's First Presidential Campaign (Free Press, 2007) — on the 1800 election and the midnight appointments
• Van Alstyne, W., "A Critical Guide to Marbury v. Madison," 1969 Duke Law Journal 1 — most-cited academic analysis
• Hamilton, A., Federalist No. 78 (1788). Avalon Project: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed78.asp — Hamilton's pre-ratification argument that the federal judiciary would have the power of judicial review

McCulloch v. Maryland (cases/mcculloch_v_maryland.md)

Primary source

• McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 316 (1819). Full opinion text (Justia): https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/17/316/
• Oral argument summary: Oyez: https://www.oyez.org/cases/1789-1850/17us316

Secondary sources

• Newmyer, R. K., John Marshall and the Heroic Age of the Supreme Court (Louisiana State University Press, 2001) — especially chapter 8 on the Bank controversy
• McDonald, F., Alexander Hamilton: A Biography (Norton, 1979) — for the 1791 debate between Hamilton and Jefferson over the First Bank
• Hobson, C. F., The Great Chief Justice: John Marshall and the Rule of Law (University Press of Kansas, 1996), chapter 6

Brown v. Board of Education (cases/brown_v_board.md)

Primary sources

• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). Full opinion text (Justia): https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/347/483/
• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (Brown II), 349 U.S. 294 (1955) (implementation decree). Justia: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/349/294/
• Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896). Justia: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/163/537/ — the precedent Brown overruled
• Oral arguments (1952 and 1953): Oyez: https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483
• Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1 (1958). Justia: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/358/1/

Secondary sources

• Kluger, R., Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America's Struggle for Equality (Knopf, 1975; rev. edn 2004) — definitive book-length history
• Schwartz, B., Super Chief: Earl Warren and His Supreme Court — A Judicial Biography (NYU Press, 1983)
• Scott, D. M., Contempt and Pity: Social Policy and the Image of the Damaged Black Psyche, 1880–1996 (University of North Carolina Press, 1997) — critical examination of the Kenneth Clark doll studies cited in footnote 11
• Balkin, J. M. (ed.), What Brown v. Board of Education Should Have Said (NYU Press, 2001) — essays by constitutional scholars reimagining the opinion

Miranda v. Arizona (cases/miranda_v_arizona.md)

Primary sources

• Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). Full opinion text (Justia): https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/384/436/
• Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428 (2000). Justia: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/530/428/ — reaffirmation as constitutional
• Escobedo v. Illinois, 378 U.S. 478 (1964). Justia: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/378/478/ — Miranda's immediate predecessor
• Missouri v. Seibert, 542 U.S. 600 (2004). Justia: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/542/600/
• Berghuis v. Thompkins, 560 U.S. 370 (2010). Justia: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/560/370/
• Vega v. Tekoh, 597 U.S. ___ (2022). SupremeCourt.gov: https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/21-499_gfbh.pdf
• Oral argument summary + audio: Oyez: https://www.oyez.org/cases/1965/759
• Arizona state-constitutional divergence: State v. Carrillo, 156 Ariz. 125 (1988) — Arizona Supreme Court

Secondary sources

• Baker, L., Miranda: Crime, Law, and Politics (Atheneum, 1983) — book-length narrative of the case and its aftermath
• Cassell, P. G., "Miranda's Social Costs: An Empirical Reassessment," 90 Northwestern University Law Review 387 (1996) — empirical critique
• Schulhofer, S. J., "Miranda's Practical Effect: Substantial Benefits and Vanishingly Small Social Costs," 90 Northwestern University Law Review 500 (1996) — paired defense; these two articles are the definitive empirical exchange

Penny Knights (primers/04_penny_knights_oaths.md)

Primary sources

• US Constitution, Article VI, Clause 3 (office-holder oath). National Archives: https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/constitution-transcript
• US Constitution, Article II, Section 1, Clause 8 (Presidential oath). Same.
• Military enlistment oath, 10 U.S.C. § 502. Cornell Legal Information Institute: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/502
• Officer commissioning oath, 10 U.S.C. § 3331. Cornell LII: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/3331
• Oath of allegiance for naturalization, 8 U.S.C. § 1448. Cornell LII: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1448
• Hippocratic Oath. Greek text + English translation, Loeb Classical Library vol. 147 (Hippocrates I), Harvard University Press
• Rule of Saint Benedict (6th c.). English translation ed. Bruce L. Venarde, Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library (Harvard UP, 2011)

Secondary sources

• Austin, J. L., How to Do Things with Words (Harvard UP, 1962) — the foundational speech-act account oaths exemplify
• Hobbes, T., Leviathan (1651), especially Part I chapters 14–15 on the formal structure of covenants
• Locke, J., Second Treatise of Government (1689), §§87–95 on political society as consensual compact
• Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics Book II. Loeb Classical Library vol. 73, translated by H. Rackham
• Barnard, C. I., The Functions of the Executive (Harvard UP, 1938) — the classic organizational-behavior text on courage + responsibility as executive virtues
• Gandhi, M. K., Hind Swaraj (Indian Home Rule) (1908). Full text digitized at https://www.mkgandhi.org/hindswaraj/hindswaraj.htm

US Constitution (primers/02_us_constitution.md)

Primary sources

• US Constitution + 27 amendments — full transcription. National Archives: https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/constitution-transcript
• Cornell Legal Information Institute — annotated Constitution with clause-level links: https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/
• Madison's notes on the 1787 Constitutional Convention. Library of Congress: https://www.loc.gov/collections/madison-papers/
• Barron v. Baltimore, 32 U.S. 243 (1833). Justia: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/32/243/ — Bill of Rights as limit on federal government only, pre-incorporation
• Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652 (1925). Justia: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/268/652/ — first major incorporation decision (First Amendment free speech)
• Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965). Justia: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/381/479/ — the implied right to privacy

Secondary sources

• Federalist Papers — Yale Avalon Project full text: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/fed.asp (especially 10, 33, 45, 51, 78)
• National Constitution Center Interactive Constitution: https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/ — clause-by-clause essays by constitutional scholars from across the political spectrum
• Amar, A. R., America's Constitution: A Biography (Random House, 2005) — scholarly introduction widely cited across ideological lines; Yale Law professor
• Rakove, J., Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution (Knopf, 1996) — 1997 Pulitzer Prize in History; standard academic treatment of drafting context
• Foner, E., The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution (W. W. Norton, 2019) — authoritative recent treatment of the Reconstruction amendments

Arizona Constitution (primers/03_az_constitution.md)

Primary sources

• Arizona Constitution — full text. Arizona State Legislature: https://www.azleg.gov/constitution/
• Arizona Secretary of State — ballot measures + voter pamphlets: https://azsos.gov
• Enabling Act of 1910 (Public Law 61-219, 36 Stat. 557) — federal statute authorizing Arizona's constitutional convention
• Roosevelt Elementary School District v. Bishop, 179 Ariz. 233 (1994) — Arizona Supreme Court on "general and uniform" school system
• State v. Carrillo, 156 Ariz. 125 (1988) — Arizona Supreme Court on Article II, §10 self-incrimination protection
• State v. Bolt, 142 Ariz. 260 (1984) — Arizona Supreme Court on Article II, §8 search-and-seizure

Secondary sources

• Leshy, J. D., The Arizona State Constitution (2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 2013) — the authoritative scholarly treatment; author is former Solicitor of the US Department of the Interior and professor emeritus at UC Law San Francisco
• Berman, D. R., Arizona Politics and Government (University of Nebraska Press, 1998) — political history of the 1910 constitutional convention
• Magleby, D. B., Direct Legislation: Voting on Ballot Propositions in the United States (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984) — comparative state direct-democracy analysis
• Brennan, W. J. Jr., "State Constitutions and the Protection of Individual Rights," 90 Harvard Law Review 489 (1977) — canonical scholarly essay on new judicial federalism
• Arizona State University Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law — https://law.asu.edu — primary academic institution for AZ constitutional scholarship
• Arizona Historical Society — https://arizonahistoricalsociety.org — 1910 Convention papers
• George W. P. Hunt papers — ASU Hayden Library, Distinctive Collections

Cooper v. Aaron (cases/cooper_v_aaron.md)

Primary source

• Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1 (1958). Justia full text: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/358/1/
• Oral argument: Oyez: https://www.oyez.org/cases/1958/1-misc
• Cornell LII: https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/358/1

Secondary sources

• Schwartz, B., Super Chief: Earl Warren and His Supreme Court (NYU Press, 1983) — detailed treatment of the Court's unanimity-building in the 1958 Little Rock term
• Wechsler, H., "Toward Neutral Principles of Constitutional Law," 73 Harvard Law Review 1 (1959) — canonical academic essay raising (sympathetically) questions about Cooper's doctrinal basis
• Beals, M. P., Warriors Don't Cry (Washington Square Press, 1994) — memoir by one of the Little Rock Nine
• Federal Judicial Center — https://www.fjc.gov — case file materials
• National Constitution Center — Supremacy Clause essays: https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/articles/article-vi

Arizona v. United States (cases/arizona_v_united_states.md)

Primary sources

• Arizona v. United States, 567 U.S. 387 (2012). Justia full text: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/567/387/
• Oral argument (April 25, 2012): Oyez: https://www.oyez.org/cases/2011/11-182
• Cornell LII: https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/11-182.ZS.html
• SB 1070 full text (Arizona Legislature): https://www.azleg.gov/legtext/49leg/2r/bills/sb1070s.pdf
• Immigration and Nationality Act sections referenced: 8 U.S.C. §§ 1301–1306 (alien registration), 8 U.S.C. § 1324a (employer sanctions), 8 U.S.C. § 1357 (authority of immigration officers) — Cornell LII
• Hines v. Davidowitz, 312 U.S. 52 (1941). Justia: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/312/52/ — classic field-preemption case cited by the Arizona majority
• Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting, 563 U.S. 582 (2011). Justia: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/563/582/ — companion preemption case

Secondary sources

• Constitutional Accountability Center — https://theusconstitution.org — filed amicus brief in support of the federal government; Supremacy Clause-original-meaning analysis
• American Immigration Council — https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org — plain-language case summary
• Migration Policy Institute — https://www.migrationpolicy.org — policy analysis of post-Arizona state immigration enforcement
• Federal Judicial Center — case file materials: https://www.fjc.gov
• Huntington, C., "The Constitutional Dimension of Immigration Federalism," 61 Vanderbilt Law Review 787 (2008)
• Spiro, P., "The States and Immigration in an Era of Demi-Sovereignties," 35 Virginia Journal of International Law 121 (1994)

Seven-Year Goals Process (primers/05_seven_year_goals_process.md)

Primary sources

• Leviticus 25 (the shmita / sabbatical year). Jewish Publication Society, Tanakh: A New Translation of the Holy Scriptures (1985) is the standard scholarly English edition. Public-domain translations (KJV, ASV) available at Bible Gateway.
• Lincoln's Gettysburg Address (November 19, 1863). National Archives: https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals/gettybg.html — source for the "four score and seven years ago" formulation.
• IRS Publication 583, Starting a Business and Keeping Records. https://www.irs.gov/publications/p583 — the seven-year business-records retention standard.

Secondary sources

• Brand, S., The Clock of the Long Now: Time and Responsibility (Basic Books, 1999) — Long Now Foundation's founding text on institutional long-term thinking
• Carse, J. P., Finite and Infinite Games: A Vision of Life as Play and Possibility (The Free Press, 1986) — the finite/infinite game distinction, directly applicable to seven-year vs. lifetime commitments
• Gawande, A., Being Mortal: Medicine and What Matters in the End (Metropolitan Books, 2014) — structured-conversation frameworks that translate to annual review rituals
• Ostrom, E., Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (Cambridge University Press, 1990) — empirical study of long-duration shared-resource governance; 2009 Nobel Prize in Economics
• Simon, H. A., The Sciences of the Artificial (MIT Press, 3rd ed. 1996) — design under uncertainty

Community Financing (primers/06_community_financing.md)

Primary sources — federal statutes and regulations

• Securities Act of 1933, §§ 3(a)(11), 4(a)(2), 4(a)(6). Cornell Legal Information Institute: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/chapter-2A
• Regulation Crowdfunding (Reg CF), 17 C.F.R. §§ 227.100 et seq. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-17/chapter-II/part-227
• Regulation D (Rules 504, 506(b), 506(c)), 17 C.F.R. §§ 230.500 et seq. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-17/chapter-II/part-230/subject-group-ECFR9b59eb659c3b5ca
• Regulation A / Reg A+, 17 C.F.R. §§ 230.251 et seq. Same ECFR location.
• SEC v. W. J. Howey Co., 328 U.S. 293 (1946). Justia: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/328/293/ — the Howey test for whether an arrangement is a security.
• Internal Revenue Code § 501(c) (nonprofit categories). Cornell LII: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/501

Primary sources — Arizona

• Arizona Revised Statutes Title 10 (Corporations and Associations). https://www.azleg.gov/arstitle/ — particularly Chapter 11 (nonprofit corporations), Chapter 19 (cooperatives), and Chapter 20 (multi-stakeholder/low-profit limited liability companies)
• Arizona Corporation Commission filing portal + guidance documents: https://ecorp.azcc.gov

Secondary sources and institutional references

• Foundation for Intentional Community (FIC) — https://www.ic.org — national registry, legal-structure templates, Communities Directory
• National Cooperative Business Association CLUSA — https://ncbaclusa.coop — cooperative formation + operations resources
• Grounded Solutions Network — https://groundedsolutions.org — community land trust national network; descendant of the Burlington Associates CLT model (founded 1984)
• Sustainable Economies Law Center — https://www.theselc.org — free legal guides for small cooperatives and community-scale enterprises
• Institute for Local Self-Reliance (ILSR) — https://ilsr.org — policy research on local economic structures
• SEC Office of Investor Education and Advocacy — https://www.sec.gov/investor — plain-language materials on Reg CF, Reg D, Reg A
• FINRA Investor Education — https://www.finra.org/investors — private placement + accredited investor explanations
• Arizona Community Foundation — https://www.azfoundation.org — donor-advised fund administration, minimum $10,000
• Community Foundation for Southern Arizona — https://www.cfsoaz.org — donor-advised fund administration, minimum $5,000
• Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta research on ROSCAs in US immigrant communities: Dupas & Robinson, "Savings Constraints and Microenterprise Development," NBER Working Paper 14693, and related Atlanta Fed working-paper series

Historical context

• Beito, D. T., From Mutual Aid to the Welfare State: Fraternal Societies and Social Services, 1890–1967 (University of North Carolina Press, 2000) — the long American history of mutual aid and fraternal benefit societies
• Ardener, S. & Burman, S. (eds.), Money-Go-Rounds: The Importance of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations for Women (Berg Publishers, 1995) — comparative ROSCA scholarship

Institutional references used across the library

Cited throughout rather than in any single chapter. These organizations provide authoritative secondary material that expands on individual chapters:

• Cornell Legal Information Institute (LII) — https://www.law.cornell.edu — full-text federal + state statutes + court opinions, free access
• National Constitution Center — https://constitutioncenter.org — interactive Constitution with clause-by-clause essays by legal scholars (Philadelphia, established 1988)
• Federal Judicial Center — https://www.fjc.gov — official research and education resource of the federal courts
• Library of Congress Law Library — https://www.loc.gov/law/ — primary-document archive + legal research guides
• National Archives and Records Administration — https://www.archives.gov — authoritative source for founding documents + amendments
• American Bar Association, Division for Public Education — https://www.americanbar.org/groups/public_education/ — curricula + civic-literacy program materials
• State Bar of Arizona — https://www.azbar.org — Arizona-specific legal education (for Miranda + AZ Constitution primer work)
• Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law, Arizona State University — https://law.asu.edu — academic citations for Arizona-specific material
• Brennan Center for Justice (NYU School of Law) — https://www.brennancenter.org — independent policy research on constitutional democracy
• Constitutional Accountability Center — https://theusconstitution.org — textualist + progressive constitutional scholarship
• Institute for Justice — https://ij.org — libertarian civil-liberties litigation + scholarship
• iCivics — https://www.icivics.org — founded 2009 by Justice Sandra Day O'Connor; civic-education games + lesson plans
• SCOTUSblog — https://www.scotusblog.com — real-time SCOTUS tracking + post-decision analysis

These organizations differ in their political orientations (Brennan Center is left-of-center; Institute for Justice is libertarian; CAC is progressive). They are cited not for their conclusions but for their methodological seriousness. Readers should treat their analyses as starting points for further research, not authoritative resolutions.

Methodological notes

This library cites primary sources + peer-reviewed legal scholarship + independent research institutes. Where multiple editions of a court opinion exist, we link the Cornell Legal Information Institute edition over paywalled alternatives. The National Constitution Center's Interactive Constitution is the preferred plain-language supplement for the constitutional text. For historical documents, the National Archives and Library of Congress digitizations are preferred over commercial reproductions.

The library is maintained by practitioners rather than academic constitutional scholars. Entries cite primary sources in full so that readers can verify the analysis independently; no chapter asks the reader to accept the library's framing on the library's authority alone.

Political orientation: the institutions cited in this bibliography span a broad range of constitutional-interpretive commitments. The Brennan Center for Justice is left-of-center; the Institute for Justice is libertarian; the Constitutional Accountability Center is progressive; the Federal Judicial Center is a nonpartisan institutional research body. Citations reflect the library's methodological judgment that useful secondary material exists across that spectrum, not alignment with any of the cited institutions' policy positions.

If a future chapter cites a source already in this file, it should link to the existing entry rather than duplicate.